[Dialogue] Message To West Point

[Harry Wainwright]

Published on Wednesday, November 29, 2006 by TomPaine.com
<http://www.tompaine.com>  

Message To West Point 

by Bill Moyers

 

This is an excerpt from the Sol Feinstone Lecture on The Meaning of Freedom
delivered by Bill Moyers at the United States Military Academy on November
15, 2006. 

Many of you will be heading for Iraq. I have never been a soldier myself,
never been tested under fire, never faced hard choices between duty and
feeling, or duty and conscience, under deadly circumstances. I will never
know if I have the courage to be shot at, or to shoot back, or the
discipline to do my duty knowing the people who dispatched me to kill—or be
killed—had no idea of the moral abyss into which they were plunging me.

I have tried to learn about war from those who know it best: veterans, the
real experts. But they have been such reluctant reporters of the experience.
My father-in-law, Joe Davidson, was 37 years old with two young daughters
when war came in 1941; he enlisted and served in the Pacific but I never
succeeded in getting him to describe what it was like to be in harm’s way.
My uncle came home from the Pacific after his ship had been sunk, taking
many friends down with it, and he would look away and change the subject
when I asked him about it. One of my dearest friends, who died this year at
90, returned from combat in Europe as if he had taken a vow of silence about
the dark and terrifying things that came home with him, uninvited.

Curious about this, some years ago I produced for PBS a documentary called
“D-Day to the Rhine.” With a camera crew I accompanied several veterans of
World War II who for the first time were returning together to the path of
combat that carried them from the landing at Normandy in 1944 into the heart
of Germany. Members of their families were along this time—wives, grown sons
and daughters—and they told me that until now, on this trip—45 years after
D-Day—their husbands and fathers rarely talked about their combat
experiences. They had come home, locked their memories in their mind’s
attic, and hung a “no trespassing” sign on it. Even as they retraced their
steps almost half a century later, I would find these aging GIs, standing
alone and silent on the very spot where a buddy had been killed, or they
themselves had killed, or where they had been taken prisoner, a German
soldier standing over them with a Mauser pointed right between their eyes,
saying: “For you, the war is over.” As they tried to tell the story, the
words choked in their throats. The stench, the vomit, the blood, the fear:
What outsider—journalist or kin—could imagine the demons still at war in
their heads?

What I remember most vividly from that trip is the opening scene of the
film: Jose Lopez— the father of two, who had lied about his age to get into
the Army (he was too old), went ashore at Normandy, fought his way across
France and Belgium with a water-cooled machine gun, rose to the rank of
sergeant, and received the Congressional Medal of Honor after
single-handedly killing 100 German troops in the Battle of the Bulge—Jose
Lopez, back on Omaha Beach at age 79, quietly saying to me: “I was really
very, very afraid. That I want to scream. I want to cry and we see other
people was laying wounded and screaming and everything and it’s nothing you
could do. We could see them groaning in the water and we keep walking”—and
then, moving away from the camera, dropping to his knees, his hands clasped,
his eyes wet, as it all came back, memories so excruciating there were no
words for them.

The Poetry Of War

Over the year I turned to the poets for help in understanding the realities
of war; it is from the poets we outsiders most often learn what you soldiers
experience. I admired your former superintendent, General William Lennox,
who held a doctorate in literature and taught poetry classes here because,
he said, “poetry is a great vehicle to teach cadets as much as anyone can
what combat is like.” So it is. From the opening lines of the Iliad:

Rage, Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus’ Son Achilles
hurling down to the
House of Death so many souls, great fighters’ souls, but made their bodies
carrion for the dogs and birds
.

to Wilfred Owen’s pained cry from the trenches of France:

I am the enemy you killed, my friend


to W. D. Ehrhart’s staccato recitation of the

Barely tolerable conglomeration of mud, heat, sweat, dirt, rain, pain,
fear
we march grinding under the weight of heavy packs, feet dialed to the
ground
we wonder


Poets with their empathy and evocation open to bystanders what lies buried
in the soldier’s soul. Those of you soon to be leading others in combat may
wish to take a metaphorical detour to the Hindenburg Line of World War I,
where the officer and poet Wilfred Owen, a man of extraordinary courage who
was killed a week before the Armistice, wrote: “I came out in order to help
these boys—directly by leading them as well as an officer can; indirectly,
by watching their sufferings that I may speak of them as well as a pleader
can.”

People in power should be required to take classes in the poetry of war. As
a presidential assistant during the early escalation of the war in Vietnam,
I remember how the President blanched when the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff said it would take one million fighting men and 10 years really to
win in Vietnam, but even then the talk of war was about policy, strategy,
numbers and budgets, not severed limbs and eviscerated bodies.

That experience, and the experience 40 years later of watching another White
House go to war, also relying on inadequate intelligence, exaggerated claims
and premature judgments, keeping Congress in the dark while wooing a
gullible press, cheered on by partisans, pundits, and editorial writers
safely divorced from realities on the ground, ended any tolerance I might
have had for those who advocate war from the loftiness of the pulpit, the
safety of a laptop, the comfort of a think tank, or the glamour of a
television studio. Watching one day on C-Span as one member of Congress
after another took to the floor to praise our troops in Iraq, I was reminded
that I could only name three members of Congress who have a son or daughter
in the military. How often we hear the most vigorous argument for war from
those who count on others of valor to fight it. As General William Tecumseh
Sherman said after the Civil War: “It is only those who have neither fired a
shot nor heard the shrieks and groans of the wounded who cry aloud for
blood, more vengeance, more desolation.”

Remembering Emily Perez

Rupert Murdoch comes to mind—only because he was in the news last week
talking about Iraq. In the months leading up to the invasion Murdoch turned
the dogs of war loose in the corridors of his media empire, and they howled
for blood, although not their own. Murdoch himself said, just weeks before
the invasion, that: “The greatest thing to come of this to the world
economy, if you could put it that way [as you can, if you are a media
mogul], would be $20 a barrel for oil.” Once the war is behind us, Rupert
Murdoch said: “The whole world will benefit from cheaper oil which will be a
bigger stimulus than anything else.”

Today Murdoch says he has no regrets, that he still believes it was right
“to go in there,” and that “from a historical perspective” the U.S. death
toll in Iraq was “minute.”

“Minute.”

The word ricocheted in my head when I heard it. I had just been reading
about Emily Perez. Your Emily Perez: Second Lieutenant Perez, the first
woman of color to become a command sergeant major in the history of the
Academy, and the first woman graduate to die in Iraq. I had been in
Washington when word of her death made the news, and because she had lived
there before coming to West Point, the Washington press told us a lot about
her. People remembered her as “a little superwoman”—straight A’s, choir
member, charismatic, optimistic, a friend to so many; she had joined the
medical service because she wanted to help people. The obituary in the
Washington Post said she had been a ball of fire at the Peace Baptist
Church, where she helped start an HIV-AIDS ministry after some of her own
family members contracted the virus. Now accounts of her funeral here at
West Point were reporting that some of you wept as you contemplated the loss
of so vibrant an officer.

“Minute?” I don’t think so. Historical perspective or no. So when I arrived
today I asked the Academy’s historian, Steve Grove, to take me where Emily
Perez is buried, in Section 36 of your cemetery, below Storm King Mountain,
overlooking the Hudson River. Standing there, on sacred American soil
hallowed all the more by the likes of Lieutenant Perez so recently returned,
I thought that to describe their loss as “minute”—even from a historical
perspective—is to underscore the great divide that has opened in America
between those who advocate war while avoiding it and those who have the
courage to fight it without ever knowing what it’s all about.

We were warned of this by our founders. They had put themselves in jeopardy
by signing the Declaration of Independence; if they had lost, that parchment
could have been their death warrant, for they were traitors to the Crown and
likely to be hanged. In the fight for freedom they had put themselves on the
line—not just their fortunes and sacred honor but their very persons, their
lives. After the war, forming a government and understanding both the nature
of war and human nature, they determined to make it hard to go to war except
to defend freedom; war for reasons save preserving the lives and liberty of
your citizens should be made difficult to achieve, they argued. Here is John
Jay’s passage in Federalist No. 4:

It is too true, however disgraceful it may be to human nature, that nations
in general will make war whenever they have a prospect of getting anything
by it; nay, absolute monarchs will often make war when their nations are to
get nothing by it, but for the purposes and objects merely personal, such as
thirst for military glory, revenge for personal affronts, ambition, or
private compacts to aggrandize or support their particular families or
partisans. These and a variety of other motives, which affect only the mind
of the sovereign, often lead him to engage in wars not sanctified by justice
or the voice and interests of his people.

And here, a few years later, is James Madison, perhaps the most deliberative
mind of that generation in assaying the dangers of an unfettered executive
prone to war:

In war, a physical force is to be created, and it is the executive will
which is to direct it. In war, the public treasures are to be unlocked, and
it is the executive hand which is to dispense them. In war, the honors and
emoluments of office are to be multiplied; and it is the executive patronage
under which they are to be enjoyed. It is in war, finally, that laurels are
to be gathered; and it is the executive brow they are to encircle. The
strongest passions and most dangerous weaknesses of the human breast;
ambition, avarice, vanity, the honorable or venial love of fame, are all in
conspiracy against the desire and duty of peace.

I want to be clear on this: Vietnam did not make me a dove. Nor has Iraq; I
am no pacifist. But they have made me study the Constitution more
rigorously, both as journalist and citizen. Again, James Madison:

In no part of the Constitution is more wisdom to be found, than in the
clause which confides the question of war and peace to the legislature, and
not to the executive department. Beside the objection to such a mixture to
heterogeneous powers, the trust and the temptation would be too great for
any one man.

Twice in 40 years we have now gone to war paying only lip service to those
warnings; the first war we lost, the second is a bloody debacle, and both
rank among the great blunders in our history. It is impossible for soldiers
to sustain in the field what cannot be justified in the Constitution; asking
them to do so puts America at war with itself. So when the Vice President of
the United States says it doesn’t matter what the people think, he and the
President intend to prosecute the war anyway, he is committing heresy
against the fundamental tenets of the American political order.

An Army Born In Revolution

This is a tough subject to address when so many of you may be heading for
Iraq. I would prefer to speak of sweeter things. But I also know that 20 or
30 years from now any one of you may be the Chief of Staff or the National
Security Adviser or even the President—after all, two of your boys, Grant
and Eisenhower, did make it from West Point to the White House. And that
being the case, it’s more important than ever that citizens and soldiers—and
citizen-soldiers—honestly discuss and frankly consider the kind of country
you are serving and the kind of organization to which you are dedicating
your lives. You are, after all, the heirs of an army born in the American
Revolution, whose radicalism we consistently underestimate.

No one understood this radicalism—no one in uniform did more to help us
define freedom in a profoundly American way—than the man whose monument here
at West Point I also asked to visit today—Thaddeus Kosciuszko. I first
became intrigued by him over 40 years ago when I arrived in Washington.
Lafayette Park, on Pennsylvania Avenue, across from the White House, hosts
several statues of military heroes who came to fight for our independence in
the American Revolution. For seven years, either looking down on these
figures from my office at the Peace Corps, or walking across Lafayette Park
to my office in the White House, I was reminded of these men who came
voluntarily to fight for American independence from the monarchy. The most
compelling, for me, was the depiction of Kosciuszko. On one side of the
statue he is directing a soldier back to the battlefield, and on the other
side, wearing an American uniform, he is freeing a bound soldier,
representing America’s revolutionaries.

Kosciuszko had been born in Lithuania-Poland, where he was trained as an
engineer and artillery officer. Arriving in the 13 colonies in 1776, he
broke down in tears when he read the Declaration of Independence. The next
year, he helped engineer the Battle of Saratoga, organizing the river and
land fortifications that put Americans in the stronger position. George
Washington then commissioned him to build the original fortifications for
West Point. Since his monument dominates the point here at the Academy, this
part of the story you must know well.

But what many don’t realize about Kosciuszko is the depth of his commitment
to republican ideals and human equality. One historian called him “a
mystical visionary of human rights.” Thomas Jefferson wrote that Kosciuszko
was “as pure a son of liberty as I have ever known.” That phrase of
Jefferson’s is often quoted, but if you read the actual letter, Jefferson
goes on to say: “And of that liberty which is to go to all, and not to the
few and the rich alone.”

There is the clue to the meaning of freedom as Thaddeus Kosciuszko saw it.

After the American Revolution, he returned to his homeland, what was then
the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1791 the Poles adopted their
celebrated May Constitution—Europe’s first codified national constitution
(and the second oldest in the world, after our own.) The May Constitution
established political equality between the middle class and the nobility and
also partially abolished serfdom by giving civil rights to the peasants,
including the right to state protection from landlord abuses. The autocrats
and nobles of Russia feared such reforms, and in 1794, when the Russians
sought to prevent their spread by partitioning the Commonwealth, Kosciuszko
led an insurrection. His untrained peasant forces were armed mostly with
single-blade sickles, but they won several early battles in fierce
hand-to-hand fighting, until they were finally overwhelmed. Badly injured,
Kosciuszko was taken prisoner and held for two years in St. Petersburg, and
that was the end of the Polish Commonwealth, which had stood, by the way, as
one of Europe’s leading centers of religious liberty.

Upon his release from prison, Kosciuszko came back to the United States and
began a lasting friendship with Jefferson, who called him his “most intimate
and beloved friend.” In 1798, he wrote a will leaving his American estate to
Jefferson, urging him to use it to purchase the freedom and education of his
[Jefferson’s] own slaves, or, as Jefferson interpreted it, of “as many of
the children as bondage in this country as it should be adequate to.” For
this émigré, as for so many who would come later, the meaning of freedom
included a passion for universal justice. In his Act of Insurrection at the
outset of the 1794 uprising, Kosciuszko wrote of the people’s “sacred rights
to liberty, personal security and property.” Note the term property here.
For Jefferson’s “pursuit of happiness” Kosciuszko substituted Locke’s notion
of property rights. But it’s not what you think: The goal was not simply to
protect “private property” from public interference (as it is taught today),
but rather to secure productive property for all as a right to citizenship.
It’s easy to forget the difference when huge agglomerations of personal
wealth are defended as a sacred right of liberty, as they are today with the
gap between the rich and poor in America greater than it’s been in almost
one hundred years. Kosciuszko—General Kosciuszko, from tip to toe a military
man—was talking about investing the people with productive resources. Yes,
freedom had to be won on the battlefield, but if freedom did not lead to
political, social and economic opportunity for all citizens, freedom’s
meaning could not be truly realized.

Think about it: A Polish general from the old world, infusing the new nation
with what would become the marrow of the American Dream. Small wonder that
Kosciuszko was often called a “hero of two worlds” or that just 25 years
ago, in 1981, when Polish farmers, supported by the Roman Catholic Church,
won the right to form an independent union, sending shockwaves across the
Communist empire, Kosciuszko’s name was heard in the victory speeches—his
egalitarian soul present at yet another revolution for human freedom and
equal rights.

After Jefferson won the presidency in l800, Kosciuszko wrote him a touching
letter advising him to be true to his principles: “do not forget in your
post be always a virtuous Republican with justice and probity, without pomp
and ambition—in a word be Jefferson and my friend.” Two years later,
Jefferson signed into being this professional officers school, on the site
first laid out as a fortress by his friend, the general from Poland.

A Paradox Of Liberty

Every turn in American history confronts us with paradox, and this one is no
exception. Here was Jefferson, known for his vigorous and eloquent
opposition to professional armies, presiding over the establishment of West
Point. It’s a paradox that suits you cadets to a T, because you yourselves
represent a paradox of liberty. You are free men and women who of your own
free choice have joined an institution dedicated to protecting a free
nation, but in the process you have voluntarily agreed to give up, for a
specific time, a part of your own liberty. An army is not a debating society
and neither in the field or in headquarters does it ask for a show of hands
on whether orders should be obeyed. That is undoubtedly a necessary idea,
but for you it complicates the already tricky question of “the meaning of
freedom.”

I said earlier that our founders did not want the power of war to reside in
a single man. Many were also dubious about having any kind of regular, or as
they called it, “standing” army at all. Standing armies were hired
supporters of absolute monarchs and imperial tyrants. The men drafting the
Constitution were steeped in classical and historical learning. They
recalled how Caesar in ancient times and Oliver Cromwell in more recent
times had used the conquering armies they had led to make themselves
dictators. They knew how the Roman legions had made and unmade emperors, and
how Ottoman rulers of the Turkish Empire had supported their tyrannies on
the shoulders of formidable elite warriors. Wherever they looked in history,
they saw an alliance between enemies of freedom in palaces and in officer
corps drawn from the ranks of nobility, bound by a warrior code that
stressed honor and bravery—but also dedication to the sovereign and the
sovereign’s god, and distrust amounting to contempt for the ordinary run of
the sovereign’s subjects.

The colonial experience with British regulars, first as allies in the French
and Indian Wars, and then as enemies, did not increase American respect for
the old system of military leadership. Officers were chosen and promoted on
the basis of aristocratic connections, commissions were bought, and
ineptitude was too often tolerated. The lower ranks were often rootless
alumni of jails and workhouses, lured or coerced into service by the paltry
pay and chance of adventure—brutally hard types, kept in line by brutally
harsh discipline.

Not exactly your model for the army of a republic of free citizens.

What the framers came up with was another novelty. The first battles of the
Revolution were fought mainly by volunteer militia from the states, such as
Vermont’s Green Mountain Boys, the most famous militia then. They were
gung-ho for revolution and flushed with a fighting spirit. But in the end
they were no substitute for the better-trained regiments of the Continental
line and the French regulars sent over by France’s king after the alliance
of 1778. The view nonetheless persisted that in times of peace, only a small
permanent army would be needed to repel invasions—unlikely except from
Canada—and deal with the frontier Indians. When and if a real crisis came,
it was believed, volunteers would flock to the colors like the armed men of
Greek mythology who sprang from dragon’s teeth planted in the ground by a
divinely approved hero. The real safety of the nation in any hour of crisis
would rest with men who spent most of their working lives behind the plow or
in the workshop. And this was long before the huge conscript armies of the
19th and 20th centuries made that a commonplace fact.

And who would be in the top command of both that regular force and of
volunteer forces when actually called into federal service? None other than
the top elected civil official of the government, the President. Think about
that for a moment. The professional army fought hard and long to create a
system of selecting and keeping officers on the basis of proven competence,
not popularity. But the highest commander of all served strictly at the
pleasure of the people and had to submit his contract for renewal every four
years.

And what of the need for trained and expert leadership at all the levels of
command which quickly became apparent as the tools and tactics of warfare
grew more sophisticated in a modernizing world? That’s where West Point came
in, filling a need that could no longer be ignored. But what a special
military academy it was! We tend to forget that the West Point curriculum
was heavily tilted toward engineering; in fact, it was one of the nation’s
first engineering colleges and it was publicly supported and free. That’s
what made it attractive to young men like Hiram Ulysses Grant, familiarly
known as “Sam,” who wasn’t anxious to be a soldier but wanted to get
somewhere more promising than his father’s Ohio farm. Hundreds like Grant
came to West Point and left to use their civil engineering skills in a
country badly needing them, some in civil life after serving out an
enlistment, but many right there in uniform. It was the army that explored,
mapped and surveyed the wagon and railroad routes to the west, starting with
the Corps of Exploration under Lewis and Clark sent out by the protean Mr.
Jefferson. It was the army that had a hand in clearing rivers of snags and
brush and building dams that allowed steamboats to avoid rapids. It was the
army that put up lighthouses in the harbors and whose exhaustive geologic
and topographic surveys were important contributions to publicly supported
scientific research—AND to economic development—in the young republic.

All of this would surely have pleased General Kosciuszko, who believed in a
society that leaves no one out. Indeed, add all these facts together and
what you come up with is a portrait of something new under the sun—a
peacetime army working directly with and for the civil society in improving
the nation so as to guarantee the greater opportunities for individual
success inherent in the promise of democracy. And a wartime army in which
temporary citizen-solders were and still are led by long-term professional
citizen-soldiers who were molded out of the same clay as those they command.
And all of them led from the top by the one political figure chosen by the
entire national electorate. This arrangement—this bargain between the men
with the guns and the citizens who provide the guns—is the heritage passed
on to you by the revolutionaries who fought and won America’s independence
and then swore fidelity to a civil compact that survives today, despite
tumultuous moments and perilous passages.

West Point's Importance

Once again we encounter a paradox: Not all our wars were on the side of
freedom. The first that seriously engaged the alumni of West Point was the
Mexican War, which was not a war to protect our freedoms but to grab
land—facts are facts—and was not only bitterly criticized by part of the
civilian population, but even looked on with skepticism by some graduates
like Grant himself. Still, he not only fought well in it, but it was for
him, as well as for most of the generals on both sides in the impending
Civil War, an unequalled training school and rehearsal stage.

When the Civil War itself came, it offered an illustration of how the
meaning of freedom isn’t always easy to pin down. From the point of view of
the North, the hundreds of Southern West Pointers who resigned to fight for
the Confederacy—Robert E. Lee included—were turning against the people’s
government that had educated and supported them. They were traitors. But
from the Southern point of view, they were fighting for the freedom of their
local governments to leave the Union when, as they saw it, it threatened
their way of life. Their way of life tragically included the right to hold
other men in slavery.

The Civil War, nonetheless, confirmed the importance of West Point training.
European military observers were amazed at the skill with which the better
generals on both sides, meaning for the most part West Pointers and not
political appointees, maneuvered huge armies of men over vast areas of
difficult terrain, used modern technologies like the railroad and the
telegraph to coordinate movements and accumulate supplies, and made the best
use of newly developed weapons. The North had more of these advantages, and
when the final victory came, adulation and admiration were showered on Grant
and Sherman, who had come to a realistic and unromantic understanding of
modern war, precisely because they had not been steeped in the mythologies
of a warrior caste. Their triumph was seen as vindication of how well the
army of a democracy could work. Just as Lincoln, the self-educated
rail-splitter, had provided a civilian leadership that also proved him the
equal of any potentate on the globe.

After 1865 the army shrank as its chief engagement was now in wiping out the
last vestiges of Indian resistance to their dispossession and subjugation:
One people’s advance became another’s annihilation and one of the most
shameful episodes of our history. In 1898 the army was briefly used for the
first effort in exporting democracy—an idea that does not travel well in
military transports—when it warred with Spain to help the Cubans complete a
war for independence that had been in progress for three years. The Cubans
found their liberation somewhat illusory, however, when the United States
made the island a virtual protectorate and allowed it to be ruled by a
corrupt dictator.

Americans also lifted the yoke of Spain from the Filipinos, only to learn
that they did not want to exchange it for one stamped ‘Made in the USA.’ It
took a three-year war, during which the army killed several thousand
so-called “insurgents” before their leader was captured and the Filipinos
were cured of the illusion that independence meant
well, independence. I
bring up these reminders not to defame the troops. Their actions were
supported by a majority of the American people even in a progressive phase
of our political history (though there was some principled and stiff
opposition.) Nonetheless, we have to remind ourselves that the armed forces
can’t be expected to be morally much better than the people who send them
into action, and that when honorable behavior comes into conflict with
racism, honor is usually the loser unless people such as yourself fight to
maintain it.

Our brief participation in the First World War temporarily expanded the
army, helped by a draft that had also proven necessary in the Civil War. But
rapid demobilization was followed by a long period of ever-shrinking
military budgets, especially for the land forces.

Not until World War II did the Army again take part in such a long, bloody,
and fateful conflict as the Civil War had been, and like the Civil War it
opened an entirely new period in American history. The incredibly gigantic
mobilization of the entire nation, the victory it produced, and the ensuing
60 years of wars, quasi-wars, mini-wars, secret wars, and a virtually
permanent crisis created a superpower and forever changed the nation’s
relationship to its armed forces, confronting us with problems we have to
address, no matter how unsettling it may be to do so in the midst of yet
another war.

The Bargain

The Armed Services are no longer stepchildren in budgetary terms.
Appropriations for defense and defense-related activities (like veterans’
care, pensions, and debt service) remind us that the costs of war continue
long after the fighting ends. Objections to ever-swelling defensive
expenditures are, except in rare cases, a greased slide to political
suicide. It should be troublesome to you as professional soldiers that
elevation to the pantheon of untouchable icons —right there alongside
motherhood, apple pie and the flag—permits a great deal of political lip
service to replace genuine efforts to improve the lives and working
conditions—in combat and out—of those who serve.

Let me cut closer to the bone. The chicken hawks in Washington, who at this
very moment are busily defending you against supposed “insults” or betrayals
by the opponents of the war in Iraq, are likewise those who have cut budgets
for medical and psychiatric care; who have been so skimpy and late with pay
and with provision of necessities that military families in the United
States have had to apply for food stamps; who sent the men and women whom
you may soon be commanding into Iraq under strength, under equipped, and
unprepared for dealing with a kind of war fought in streets and homes full
of civilians against enemies undistinguishable from non-combatants; who have
time and again broken promises to the civilian National Guardsmen bearing
much of the burden by canceling their redeployment orders and extending
their tours.

You may or may not agree on the justice and necessity of the war itself, but
I hope that you will agree that flattery and adulation are no substitute for
genuine support. Much of the money that could be directed to that support
has gone into high-tech weapons systems that were supposed to produce a new,
mobile, compact “professional” army that could easily defeat the armies of
any other two nations combined, but is useless in a war against nationalist
or religious guerrilla uprisings that, like it or not, have some support,
coerced or otherwise, among the local population. We learned this lesson in
Vietnam, only to see it forgotten or ignored by the time this administration
invaded Iraq, creating the conditions for a savage sectarian and civil war
with our soldiers trapped in the middle, unable to discern civilian from
combatant, where it is impossible to kill your enemy faster than rage makes
new ones.

And who has been the real beneficiary of creating this high-tech army called
to fight a war conceived and commissioned and cheered on by politicians and
pundits not one of whom ever entered a combat zone? One of your boys
answered that: Dwight Eisenhower, class of 1915, who told us that the real
winners of the anything at any price philosophy would be “the
military-industrial complex.”

I want to contend that the American military systems that evolved in the
early days of this republic rested on a bargain between the civilian
authorities and the armed services, and that the army has, for the most
part, kept its part of the bargain and that, at this moment, the civilian
authorities whom you loyally obey, are shirking theirs. And before you
assume that I am calling for an insurrection against the civilian deciders
of your destinies, hear me out, for that is the last thing on my mind.

You have kept your end of the bargain by fighting well when called upon, by
refusing to become a praetorian guard for a reigning administration at any
time, and for respecting civil control at all times. For the most part, our
military leaders have made no serious efforts to meddle in politics. The two
most notable cases were General George McClellan, who endorsed a
pro-Southern and pro-slavery policy in the first year of the war and was
openly contemptuous of Lincoln. But Lincoln fired him in 1862, and when
McClellan ran for President two years later, the voting public handed him
his hat. Douglas MacArthur’s attempt to dictate his own China policy in 1951
ran head-on into the resolve of Harry Truman, who, surviving a firestorm of
hostility, happily watched a MacArthur boom let for the Republican
nomination for the Presidency fizzle out in 1952.

On the other side of the ledger, however, I believe that the bargain has not
been kept. The last time Congress declared war was in 1941. Since then
presidents of the United States, including the one I served, have gotten
Congress, occasionally under demonstrably false pretenses, to suspend
Constitutional provisions that required them to get the consent of the
people’s representatives in order to conduct a war. They have been handed a
blank check to send the armed forces into action at their personal
discretion and on dubious Constitutional grounds.

Furthermore, the current President has made extra-Constitutional claims of
authority by repeatedly acting as if he were Commander-in-Chief of the
entire nation and not merely of the armed forces. Most dangerously to our
moral honor and to your own welfare in the event of capture, he has likewise
ordered the armed forces to violate clear mandates of the Uniform Code of
Military Justice and the Geneva Conventions by claiming a right to interpret
them at his pleasure, so as to allow indefinite and secret detentions and
torture. These claims contravene a basic principle usually made clear to
recruits from their first day in service—that they may not obey an unlawful
order. The President is attempting to have them violate that longstanding
rule by personal definitions of what the law says and means.

There is yet another way the chicken hawks are failing you. In the October
issue of the magazine of the California Nurses Association, you can read a
long report on “The Battle at Home.” In veterans’ hospitals across the
country—and in a growing number of ill-prepared, under-funded psych and
primary care clinics as well—the report says that nurses “have witnessed the
guilt, rage, emotional numbness, and tormented flashbacks of GIs just back
from Iraq.” Yet “a returning vet must wait an average of 165 days for a VA
decision on initial disability benefits,” and an appeal can take up to three
years. Just in the first quarter of this year, the VA treated 20,638 Iraq
veterans for post-traumatic stress disorder, and faces a backlog of 400,000
cases. This is reprehensible.

I repeat: These are not palatable topics for soldiers about to go to war; I
would like to speak of sweeter things. But freedom means we must face
reality: “You shall know the truth and the truth shall set you free.” Free
enough, surely, to think for yourselves about these breaches of contract
that crudely undercut the traditions of an army of free men and women who
have bound themselves voluntarily to serve the nation even unto death.

The Voice Of Conscience

What, then, can you do about it if disobedience to the chain of command is
ruled out?

For one, you didn’t give up your freedom to vote, nor did you totally quit
your membership in civil society, when you put on the uniform, even though,
as Eisenhower said, you did accept “certain inhibitions” at the time. He
said that when questioned about MacArthur’s dismissal, and he made sure his
own uniform was back in the trunk before his campaign in 1952. It has been
most encouraging, by the way, to see veterans of Iraq on the campaign trail
in our recent elections.

Second, remember that there are limitations to what military power can do.
Despite the valor and skills of our fighting forces, some objectives are not
obtainable at a human, diplomatic, and financial cost that is acceptable.
Our casualties in Iraq are not “minute” and the cost of the war has been
projected by some sources to reach $2 trillion dollars. Sometimes, in the
real world, a truce is the most honorable solution to conflict. Dwight
Eisenhower—who is a candidate for my favorite West Point graduate of the
20th century—knew that when, in 1953, he went to Korea and accepted a
stalemate rather than carrying out his bluff of using nuclear weapons. That
was the best that could be done and it saved more years of stalemate and
casualties. Douglas MacArthur announced in 1951 that “there was no
substitute for victory.” But in the wars of the 21st century there are
alternative meanings to victory and alternative ways to achieve them.
Especially in tracking down and eliminating terrorists, we need to change
our metaphor from a “war on terror”—what, pray tell, exactly is that?—to the
mindset of Interpol tracking down master criminals through intense global
cooperation among nations, or the FBI stalking the Mafia, or local police
determined to quell street gangs without leveling the entire neighborhood in
the process. Help us to think beyond a “war on terror”—which politicians
could wage without end, with no measurable way to judge its effectiveness,
against stateless enemies who hope we will destroy the neighborhood,
creating recruits for their side—to counter-terrorism modeled on
extraordinary police work.

Third, don’t let your natural and commendable loyalty to comrades-in-arms
lead you into thinking that criticism of the mission you are on spells lack
of patriotism. Not every politician who flatters you is your ally. Not every
one who believes that war is the wrong choice to some problems is your
enemy. Blind faith in bad leadership is not patriotism. In the words of G.K.
Chesterton: “To say my country right or wrong is something no patriot would
utter except in dire circumstance; it is like saying my mother drunk or
sober.” Patriotism means insisting on our political leaders being sober,
strong, and certain about what they are doing when they put you in harm’s
way.

Fourth, be more prepared to accept the credibility and integrity of those
who disagree about the war even if you do not agree with their positions. I
say this as a journalist, knowing it is tempting in the field to denounce or
despise reporters who ask nosy questions or file critical reports. But their
first duty as reporters is to get as close as possible to the verifiable
truth and report it to the American people—for your sake. If there is
mismanagement and incompetence, exposing it is more helpful to you than
paeans to candy given to the locals. I trust you are familiar with the study
done for the Army in 1989 by the historian, William Hammond. He examined
press coverage in Korea and Vietnam and found that it was not the cause of
disaffection at home; what disturbed people at home was the death toll; when
casualties jumped, public support dropped. Over time, he said, the reporting
was vindicated. In fact, “the press reports were often more accurate than
the public statements of the administration in portraying the situation in
Vietnam.” Take note: The American people want the truth about how their sons
and daughters are doing in Iraq and what they’re up against, and that is a
good thing.

Finally, and this above all—a lesson I wish I had learned earlier. If you
rise in the ranks to important positions—or even if you don’t—speak the
truth as you see it, even if the questioner is a higher authority with a
clear preference for one and only one answer. It may not be the way to
promote your career; it can in fact harm it. Among my military heroes of
this war are the generals who frankly told the President and his advisers
that their information and their plans were both incomplete and
misleading—and who paid the price of being ignored and bypassed and possibly
frozen forever in their existing ranks: men like General Eric K. Shinseki,
another son of West Point. It is not easy to be honest—and fair—in a
bureaucratic system. But it is what free men and women have to do. Be true
to your principles, General Kosciuszko reminded Thomas Jefferson. If doing
so exposes the ignorance and arrogance of power, you may be doing more to
save the nation than exploits in combat can achieve.

I know the final rule of the military Code of Conduct is already written in
your hearts: “I am an American, fighting for freedom, responsible for my
actions, and dedicated to the principles which made my country free...” The
meaning of freedom begins with the still, small voice of conscience, when
each of us decides what we will live, or die, for.

I salute your dedication to America and I wish all of you good luck.

Bill Moyers is deeply grateful to his colleagues Bernard A Weisberger,
Professor Emeritus of History at The University of Chicago, and Lew Daly,
Senior Fellow of the Schumann Center for Media and Democracy, for their
contributions to this speech.

© 2006 TomPaine.com (A Project of The Institute for America's Future)

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